Mahalia Jackson, whose soulful renditions of gospel music thrilled fans the world over, including Presidents and European royalty, died Thursday . I couldnt be more grateful., The producers and director also promise that the films brings a dignity to the Black South that previous titles about the Black Southern experience may have overlooked or dismissed. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. The script was written by Bettina Gilois (Bessie) and stage director and dramaturge Todd Kreidler. Mahalia was named after her aunt, who was known as Aunt Duke, popularly known as Mahalia Clark-Paul. And she was famously unlucky in love.. Sister Pearl Jackson I sang all of the music live, but we pre-recorded and went over the music a week early in Atlanta. How Do I Protect My Young Child from Cyberbullying? Original . What happened to Mahalia Jackson fortune? Meanwhile, Washington portrays Estelle, a piano teacher Mahalia meets at church who goes on to become her life-long friend, and Demery stars as the influential civil rights leader, Martin Luther King Jr. From Rockn Robin Productions and Lincoln Square Productions, Mahalia is executive produced by Roberts and Linda Berman. Rev. The Lifetime biopic also touches on Mahalia Jacksons health battle with fibroids and sarcoidosis that led to a hysterectomy, which prevented the singer from bearing children. "Pop music was. Follows the successful career of Jackson as well as her unique friendship and devotion to Martin Luther King Jr. and her unsung contribution to the Civil Rights Movement. External links are provided for reference purposes. It made it that much easier that we knew each other andwere familiar with each other. She became known not only in the U.S, but in Europe as well, and toured the continent on several occasions. And I thought that she was the perfect choice for Mahalia Jackson," he declares. In 1929, Jackson had the privilege of meeting a highly respected composer Thomas Dorsey. Your purchase helps us remain independent and ad-free. The correct answer is Dorothy Height was the only woman, besides Coretta Scott King, on the platform with Rev. For example, there is . Mahalia Jackson: Voice Of The Civil Rights Movement, Tricia Williams Jacson (2016). The speech was delivered to an estimated 250,000 people who came to Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963 to march for civil rights. But things started to speed up when Kenny said Danielle Brooks I get chills all over again just thinking about it when he knew that he could have her, and the entire cast, many who knew each other, and the timing of it all. Members of the public could listen to the digital files in the HNOCs high-ceilinged, second-floor reading room in the French Quarter. Mahalia and Mildred remained friends and they really didnt split. 35. "We had both been tested and I hugged her," he laughs. Her music led many with the Gospel message during the civil rights movement. Mahalia Jackson was a legendary Gospel singer in the 20th century, born on October 26, 1911 in New Orleans, Louisiana. So I am a Southern, Black, Christian storyteller, and Ive worked with Danielle Brooks, who is so beautiful, so clear, so funny, and I knew that I wanted to work with her again.. Born in the backstreets of New Orleans in 1911, Jackson during the Great Depression joined the Great Migration to Chicago, where she became an highly regarded church singer and, by the mid-fifties, a coveted recording artist for Apollo and Columbia Records, lauded as . Among Mahalias surviving relatives is her great-nephew, the Indiana Pacers forward Danny Granger. The gospel singer Mahalia Jackson died at the age of 60. Leon and Roberts hand-picked Brooks to play the iconic gospel singer, which she viewed as both a blessing and a moment of intimidation when she realized how much responsibility she would have to assume. Death: Cause of death: Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes mellitus . Brooks is joined by an impressive list of Broadway stars including Tony nominee Joaquina Kalukango (Slave Play), Jason Dirden (Fences), Olivia Washington (The Butler) and Rob Demery (Lovecraft Country). Gender: Female She released hits like "How I Got Over," which won a Grammy Award. DEADLINE: And your singing in the movie was absolutely incredible. It wasn't just her talent that won her legions of fans, but also her active participation in the Civil Rights Movement and her lifelong dedication to helping those less fortunate. Her earliest influences were the sights and . Biography ID: 49692742. Mahalia Jackson died at age 60 in Chicago in Jan. of 1972 where she had lived for 45 years and became the greatest single success in gospel music. Common Sense is a nonprofit organization. Text from 1990. She was previously married to Minters Sigmund Galloway and Isaac Lanes Grey Hockenhull. Have you taken a DNA test? 'M.O.D.O.K.' An active supporter of the civil rights movement, Jackson sang at numerous rallies, including the March on Washington in 1963 alongside her dear friend, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., in hopes that her music would encourage and inspire racial equality. That's why we've added a new "Diverse Representations" section to our reviews that will be rolling out on an ongoing basis. How does this show integrity? However, a digital copy of Jackson wailing Move On Up a Little Higher at Chicagos Greater Harvest Missionary Baptist Church in 1948 turned up at the last minute. But he was also a friend and chronicler of Jackson. Rare is the actress who could so fully embody the gospel legend in form and function. These years also saw shifting strategies in the black freedom struggle that gave new cultural-political significance to African American vernacular culture. Russell Roberts - She loved him dearly, but he died of cancer before their wedding in February 1959. Influencers: Profiles of a Partnership 2022, How to Pitch Stories and Articles to IndieWire. He got very excited about what he heard, HNOC deputy director Daniel Hammer recalled. Brother John A. Jackson, Jr. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. "She was the right age, she had the right spirit. She was an actress, known for Mississippi Burning (1988), Glory Road (2006) and An American Crime (2007). In Jacksons own words, Rock and roll was stolen out of the sanctified church! Certainly, in the unleashed frenzy of the spirit feel style of gospel epitomized by such singers as Mahalia Jackson, Marion Williams and Sister Rosetta Tharpe, one can hear the rousing roots of rock and roll. Fueled by perseverance and luck, he painstakingly assembled material over the years. Who was Mahalia Jackson to Martin Luther King? Her fianc dies of bone cancer. It wasnt how great you sang but how emotionally stirred the audience was. Genre: Drama, Biography, Music. But what's most important here is how much this film will signify for fans of the legendary Mahalia, as well as those directly or indirectly influenced by her work, her transmission of faith, her contribution to the Civil Rights Movement, or her lived early- and mid-century experience of racial segregation in the South and wild professional success in the North and abroad. Mahalia Jackson, right, with pianist Mildred Falls in Chicago circa 1954. Powerful Stories About Martin Luther King Jr. Movies with Inspiring Black Girls and Women. Mahalia turns down lucrative and prestigious offers in order to stay true to her gospel roots and her need to sing for God. Fans can finally hear these previously unreleased gems from one of the most potent voices to ever emerge from New Orleans. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. Her last album came out in 1969, named What The World Needs Now. "Women in Black History - Stories of Courage, Faith, and Resilience", "Mahalia Jackson" page 101. Brooks and Leon are co-executive producers. Many watched on television on April 9, 1968, as the late Mahalia Jackson sang at Martin Luther Kings funeral, his favorite hymn, Precious Lord. American Singer Mahalia Jackson was born Mahala Jackson on 26th October, 1911 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA and passed away on 27th Jan 1972 Evergreen Park, Illinois, USA aged 60. If you chose to provide an email address, it will only be used to contact you about your comment. One of her most successful hits, and one that she was recognized for the remainder of her career, the song sold almost 8 million copies. Beautiful movie that I learned from about a black girl who had to break in to music industry and create an entire genre of gospel.Her beautiful voice that God gave her and her Faith made her a person to admire regardless of her race.Wonderful story! Mahalia Jackson passed away at a relatively young age of 60 on January 27, 1972. Coming from humble beginnings in the segregated South in the first half of the 20th century, Mahalia Jackson (Orange is the New Black's Danielle Brooks) rose to become the most respected and popular gospel singer of her day. It marks a creative reunion of Brooks and Leon after previously working together on an all-Black contemporary production of Much Ado About Nothing for the Shakespeare in the Park series at the Public Theater in New York City. "This is the first time that we've worked together. Do you have a sense from this film of why that was important to her because of her own life experience? Forty-seven years ago, gospel legend Mahalia Jackson died, on Jan. 27, 1972 in a Chicago hospital, of heart disease. As on Getting Happy In Chicago, the sound is far from professional, Heilbut said. However, Ledisi is very good in this. The church was going nuts, and she was playing to them, just killing them.. Mahalia Jackson, front and center, with boxer Jersey Joe Wolcott, holding trophy, and sportswriter Wendell Smith, far right. See production, box office & company info, The Clark Sisters: First Ladies of Gospel. Industries Civil Rights Music. This will be Dirden's first film with his longtime acting friend Danielle Brooks, who portrays legendary gospel singer and activist Mahalia Jackson in the film. When it came down to actually stepping into [Mahalia Jacksons] shoes, I had to hang onto to faith, because I realized that I would have to sing all these songs. Robin Roberts Presents: Mahalia Jackson Story is emblematic of the kind of mixed fiction and non-fiction programming that will be produced under Roberts deal with Lifetime, as part of the cable networks push to increase its load of original TV movies. Advocate photo by Keith Spera -- One of the original reel-to-reel tapes featuring gospel great Mahalia Jackson, recorded by Bill Russell and donated to the Historic New Orleans Collection, that was used as source material for "Moving On Up a Little Higher," a 2016 compilation of previously unreleased Jackson recordings. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. Some potentially upsetting scenes include archive footage of civil rights protestors being beaten back by armed guards, water hoses, and barking dogs; the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., depicted here as a friend of Mahalia's; and illnesses (Mahalia has a hysterectomy, her pianist dips her arthritic hands in boiling water, a man dies of bone cancer). Mahalia Jackson: Voice Of The Civil Rights Movement. Mahalia Jackson was a pioneering singer of gospel music whose fervent contralto was one of the great voices of the 20th century. Dirden stars as Russell Roberts, the Reverend who falls for Mahalia when they first meet in the late 1940s while Kalukango takes on the role of Mildred, Mahalias talented and opinionated long-time pianist. On screen, Jackson is portrayed by Danielle Brooks, and one of her most important collaborators and confidantes, pianist Mildred Falls, is played by Joaquina Kalukango, who T&C readers know from her Tony Award-nominated role in Slave Play as well as her turn as Betty Shabazz in the recent movie One Night in Miami. That was the prize., As Heilbut writes in the new CDs liner notes, Jackson loved food, loved men, occasionally liked a nip Her bawdy sense of humor would have matched Ma Raineys. She carried the rich musical heritage of her native city with her when she moved to Chicago. . Find more movies that help kids build character. Jackson was gospel's first multi-mediated artist, with a nationally broadcast radio program, a Chicago-based television show, and early recordings that introduced straight-out-of-the-church black gospel to American and European audiences while also tapping the vogue for religious pop in the early Cold War. An active supporter of the civil rights movement, Jackson sang at numerous rallies, including the March on Washington in 1963 alongside her dear friend, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., in hopes that her music would encourage and inspire racial equality. During the same time, other hit songs such as Let the Power of the Holy Ghost Fall on Me (1949), Go Tell It on the Mountain (1950) and The Lords Prayer (1950) became iconic compositions as well. Brooks and Leon are co-executive producers. This occurred when Mildred asked for a raise. At her lowest ebb, she turned to a voice that had given her crucial guidance and succour when she was a child: Mahalia Jackson, the pre-eminent gospel star of the 20th century. She is most remembered for Queen of Gospel Music. [1] Her mother died when she was five years old. Mahalia Jackson (/ m h e l i / m-HAY-lee-; born Mahala Jackson; October 26, 1911 - January 27, 1972) was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century.With a career spanning 40 years, Jackson was integral to the development and spread of gospel blues in black churches throughout the U.S. . Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia. Nationality: United States of America All rights reserved. It was all serendipity.. "This is thefirst time that we'veworkedtogether. Jackson grew up in a three-room house on Pitt Street in the Carrollton neighborhood in New Orleans, a dwelling that housed almost 13 people. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? She was also on the platform when the first African American president of the U.S., Barack Obama, was sworn in 45 years later. So when we started, I had to let go and trust the universe to do its thing and get out of the way, which is something that weve all had to do during this time.. As the "Queen of Gospel," Mahalia Jackson sang all over the world, performing with the same passion at the presidential inauguration of John F. Kennedy that she exhibited when she sang at fundraising events for the African American freedom struggle. Mahalia Jackson was born in October 1911 in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Best Zombie Movies Ever Made, I just knew that I was going to be in good hands, said the actress during the Lifetimes CTAM Winter 2021 Press Tour, on Tuesday. She was an actress, known for Mississippi Burning (1988), Glory Road (2006) and An American Crime (2007). Photo courtesy the William Russell Jazz Collection at The Historic New Orleans Collection, acquisition made possible by the Clarisse Claiborne Grima Fund. You have permission to edit this article. Other questions:subscriberservices@theadvocate.com. She continued singing to staggering crowds through the early 1960s, performing at John F. Kennedys inaugural ball and singing Take My Hand, Precious Lord at Martin Luther Kings funeral. "Trouble of the World" by Mahalia Jackson Listen to Mahalia Jackson: https://MahaliaJackson.lnk.to/listenYDChorus:Soon it will be doneTrouble of the worldTro. She befriends journalist Studs Terkel (Jim Thorburn) and Civil Rights icon Martin Luther King, Jr. (Rob Demery), and plays a role in some key historical events. I spent many years frustrated that so much of Mahalia had not been documented. Mahalia Jackson was born on October 26, 1911 to John A. Jackson Sr and Charity Clark. I give a 9/10 for being a convincing Mahalia. Jackson's hit song "Move on Up a Little Higher" sold millions of copies, gaining her international notoriety. In the scene showing Mahalia Jackson's debut at Carnegie Hall, the song she sings is "How I Got Over," which was composed by Clara Ward, her chief rival as the #1 Black female gospel singer. suggesting a diversity update. Family (1) Spouse Thus, a posthumous collection of what he considers some of her finest moments was the next best thing.. Why did Mahalia Jackson get a hysterectomy? We follow her from segregated Louisiana to Chicago, where she rises to fame following a best-selling album recorded for Apollo Records. "I hugged her, I'll confess. However, she made sure those 60 years were meaningful. Mildred Falls was Mahalia's faithful pianist for 20 years and the only formally trained musician. During the panel, Leon, Roberts, and Brooks were quick to tout their Southern roots, which each believes positively influenced certain production decisions. Mahalia Jackson was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century. She was either 59 or 60, as the year of her birth is a matter of dispute (Heilbut, as well as the inscription on Jacksons tomb, say she was born in 1912). About. I may talk to her and try to create some things. Jan 27 1972 The funeral for Jackson was like few New Orleans has seen. discoveries. What song did Mahalia Jackson sing at Martin Luther Kings funeral? In her lifetime, Mahalia Jackson was one of the greatest musical talents in the United States in the 20th century, earning her the title of the "Queen of Gospel." Advertisement Mahalia Jackson was born on October 26, 1911, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Jason Dirden plays music-loving Reverend Russell Roberts in the biopic Robin Roberts Presents: Mahalia. At the time, Mahalia Jackson was making around $3,000 per night while only paying Mildred Falls $100 a week to perform. Isaac "Ike" Hockenhull - They married in 1936 when she was 24, and divorced in 1943 due to her hectic traveling schedule and his excessive gambling. I partnered with Lifetime a few years ago, and what I appreciate about them is not quantity, its quality, and taking the time to find the right stories, Roberts said. With 'The Gabby Petito Story,' Thora Birch Finally Gets to Tell the Actors What to Do, 17 HBO and HBO Max Original Series to Get Excited About in 2023. Common Sense Media. Sign up for our Email Newsletters here. A great champion of the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King called her "a blessing to me [and] a blessing to Negroes who have . One of Jacksons accompanists was keyboardist Billy Preston, who went on to great fame as a rock and R&B star. Mahalia Jackson passed away on January 27, 1972 at Little Company of Mary Hospital in Illinois because of complications from heart failure and diabetes. Mahalia Jackson, daughter of Johnny Jackson and Charity Clark, was born in New Orleans in 1911. Relatives Summary. See production, box office & company info, Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance with Somebody. Director Kenny Leon Writers Bettina Gilois (story) Todd Kreidler (teleplay) Stars Amira Anderson Max Boateng Cassandra Bolinski Other language includes "ass," "hell," "devil," "Lord." Where is Mahalia Jacksons house in Chicago? This will beDirden's first film withhislongtime acting friendDanielle Brooks, who portrayslegendary gospel singer and activistMahalia Jacksonin the film. During her last years Jackson was often ill; she died in Evergreen Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, of a heart condition and was buried in New Orleans. Often referred to as the 'Queen of Gospel', Jackson was revered as an outstanding singer and civil rights activist. Influential gospel singer Mahalia Jackson rises to fame in the 1940s and performs at numerous rallies during the civil rights movement. While touring Europe, Jackson became ill in Germany and flew home to Chicago where she was hospitalized. Overview. including in the volume interview transcripts and the largely-untouched papers of Jackson's associate Bill Russell, who kept a journal tracking Jackson's activities from 1951 to 1955. After being spotted singing her favorite song Hand Me Down My Silver Trumpet, Gabriel at a local church, Jackson was invited to play with the Johnson Gospel Singers in and around areas of the city. Their falling out over money broke Mildred's heart. Jackson labored as a domestic but soon found abundant work as a soloist at churches and funerals throughout Chicago. But the book is also a study of the black gospel field of which Jackson was a part. Trova questo libro nella versione stampata. The cover of the 2016 Mahalia Jackson compilation CD "Moving On Up a Little Higher," which features previously unreleased material, much of it from the William Russell Jazz Collection of the Historic New Orleans Collection. Husband Sigmond Galloway Mahalia Jackson is heralded as one of the most influential singers of the 20th century. Dirden recalls embracing Brooks whenthey both appeared on set after taking COVID-19 precautions. How would you describe that? It was a blood battle, Heilbut said. Photo courtesy the William Russell Jazz . I love seeing her stretch her vocal ability. Leave a message for others who see this profile. I grew up in the South, I live in the South, I am a Southern storyteller, last time I did something with Lifetime it was Steel Magnolias, my mother was a gospel singer, and I still am Christian, director Leon said. Mahalia Jackson, at top left, with pianist Mildred Falls and fellow singers Princess Stewart and Theodore Frye. Follows the successful career of Jackson as well as her unique friendship and devotion to Martin Luther King Jr. and her unsung contribution to the Civil Rights Movement. Mahalia Jackson is a part of US Black history. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. Parents need to know that Robin Roberts Presents: Mahalia tells the inspiring life story of a legendary Black gospel singer, a role played and sung by Danielle Brooks.The real-life Mahalia Jackson overcame obstacles like poverty and racism, and she showed integrity throughout her life by staying true to her religious faith despite troubling current events or temptations to make even more money . Mahalia Jackson (/mhelj/ m-HAYL-y; October 26, 1911 [1] - January 27, 1972) was an American gospel singer. How does Mahalia engage in the Civil Rights Movement? Staying true to her calling to only sing non-secular music, she rightfully earned her title as Queen of Gospel. In Robin Roberts Presents, Mahalia, Grammy Award-winning actress and singer Danielle Brooks brings the powerhouse vocalist to life with her stunning portrayal. Though he produced albums by such gospel heavyweights as Thomas A. Dorsey the composer who helped launched Jacksons careerand Marion Williams, he never worked with Jackson directly. Mahalia credits God who comes through her. Nearly a half century after her death in 1972, Mahalia Jackson remains the most esteemed figure in black gospel music history. Who Really Has the Holly-est, Jolliest Christmas: Hallmark, Lifetime, or Netflix? After performing with Louis Armstrong in 1970 and a concert in Germany in 1971, she finished her glorious career as one of the most awe-inspiring Gospel singers the world has ever seen. Interviews with leading film and TV creators about their process and craft. Born in New Orleans before migrating to Chicago, Mahalia Jackson (1911-72) is undoubtedly the most widely known black gospel singer, having achieved fame among African American communities in the 1940s then finding a wide audience among non-black U.S. and international audiences after she signed with major label Columbia Records in 1954. Born out of wedlock in New Orleans as Mahala Jackson in 1911, she lost her mother at a young age and was raised by a strict "spare the cat'o-nine-tails, spoil the child" aunt who treated young. Mother Charity Jackson The parents' guide to what's in this movie. Signed to Apollo Records, she scored a huge hit in the late 1940s with Move On Up a Little Higher. She achieved international stardom following her move to Columbia Records in the 1950s. Husband Isaac Hockenhull, Categories: US Black Heritage Project, Needs Connection | Providence Memorial Park, Metairie, Louisiana | Baptists | Gospel Music Hall of Fame | Gospel Singers | Grammy Hall of Fame | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Louisiana Musicians | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | This Day In History January 27 | This Day In History October 26 | US Civil Rights Activists | US Black Heritage Project Managed Profiles | African-American Notables | Notables, WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. "Mahalia" barely touches on Jackson's relationship to other famous jazz, blues and gospel singers, including Aretha Franklin, who met Jackson when she was a child. I grew up in the South, I live in the South, I am a Southern storyteller, last time I did something with Lifetime it was Steel Magnolias, my mother was a gospel singer, and I still am Christian, director Leon said. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Robin Roberts Presents: Mahalia Jackson Story is emblematic of the kind of mixed fiction and non-fiction programming that will be produced under Roberts deal with Lifetime, as part of the cable networks push to increase its load of original TV movies. One of the most famous African-American women in the country, she sang at John F. Kennedys inauguration, the March on Washington, and Martin Luther King Jr.s funeral. Her recording of the song Move on Up a Little Higher sold millions of copies, skyrocketing her to international fame and gave her the opportunity to perform at diverse settings, including in front of a racially integrated audience at the prestigious Carnegie Hall, as well as at John F. Kennedys inaugural ball. Rev. In the film, Dirden stars as Russell Roberts, the dashing, music-loving Reverend who falls for Mahalia when they first meet in the late 1940s while Kalukango takes on the role of Mildred, Mahalia . If he hadnt alerted me, I wouldnt have known about it, Heilbut, now 76, said recently from New York. 50, 000 mourners filed past her mahagony, glass-topped coffin at the Greater Salem Baptist Church in tribute and 6,000 or more filled every seat and stood along the walls of the Arie Crown Theater of Her pianist suffers arthritis in her hands and puts them in boiling water before a concert. Mahalia Jackson was born into poverty in the Black Pearl neighborhood of New Orleans, and found her rapturous voice at Mount Moriah Baptist Church. She could sing.". She married Isaac Hockenhull in 1936, [] Related He recorded her at a 1951 folk concert at Chicagos Wendell Phillips High School; a 1951 symposium at the Music Inn in Lenox, Mass. Born in New Orleans before migrating to Chicago, Mahalia Jackson (1911-72) is undoubtedly the most widely known black gospel singer, having achieved fame among African American communities in. The real-life Mahalia Jackson overcame obstacles like poverty and racism, and she showed integrity throughout her life by staying true to her religious faith despite troubling current events or temptations to make even more money by singing secular music. Russell Roberts - She loved him dearly, but he died of cancer before their wedding in February 1959. 'The White Lotus': Everything You Need to Know About the HBO Series, 2020-2021 Network TV Shows: What's Renewed, What's Canceled, What's in Limbo, The Lord of the Rings: Everything You Need to Know About Amazons Big Money Adaptation. Meanwhile, Washington portrays Estelle, a piano teacher Mahalia meets at church who goes on to become her life-long friend, and Demery stars as the influential civil rights leader, Martin Luther King Jr. From Rockn Robin Productions and Lincoln Square Productions, Mahalia is executive produced by Roberts and Linda Berman.

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