more information Accept. Only co-star Frank Morgan played more roles (five) in the film. Margaret Hamilton Computer Scientist MIT Computer scientist Margaret Hamilton poses with the Apollo guidance software she and her team developed at MIT. From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission. And what had happened was it was tricky programming, and the person who wrote it took delight in the fact that all of his comments were in Greek and Latin. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. We had to find a way and we did. Your email address will not be published. marriedcelebrity; April 19, 2019; Celebrity Gossip; Born as Margaret Heafield, she is an American system engineer, computer scientist and a woman entrepreneur as well. [36], Hamilton's priority alarm displays interrupted the astronauts' normal displays to warn them that there was an emergency "giving the astronauts a go/no go decision (to land or not to land)". MIT Museum: Margaret Hamilton Apollo Photos. [4], Hamilton then joined the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory at MIT, which worked on the Apollo Space Mission. Hamilton, a 24-year-old with an undergrad degree in mathematics, had gotten a job as a programmer at MIT, and the plan was for her to support her husband through his three-year stint at Harvard. Between 1969 and 1972, the Apollo program carried out 22 missions: 19 with total success, 2 with partial success and 1 with failure. Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". She lived in Manhattan for most of her adult life, and summered in a cottage on Cape Island, Southport, Maine. On April 28, 2017, she received the Computer History Museum Fellow Award, which honors exceptional men and women whose computing ideas have changed the world. I was the first one to get it to work. As Neil Armstrong was already preparing to bring the ship down, the computer started displaying two errors: error 1201 and error 1202. Mutual respect was across the board. '[8], Hamilton's stand-in and stunt double for the Witch, Betty Danko, also suffered an on-set accident on February 11, 1939. [18] In 1979, she was a guest speaker at a University of Connecticut children's literature class. Margaret Hamilton is an American software engineer and computer scientist best known for leading the team responsible for creating the software for the Apollo moon missions and Skylab space station. She appeared, uncredited, in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's People Will Talk (1951) as Sarah Pickett. She grew up during a time when very few women studied computer science, but Hamilton knew she wanted to write code. In a few seconds he had to decide whether to land on the moon despite the risk or abort the landing and return with the honey on his lips. It was an ongoing joke for a long time. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actor in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. [61] Hamilton talks about "Errors" and how they influenced her work related to software engineering and how her language, USL, could be used to prevent the majority of "Errors" in a system. She cofounded the company Higher Order Software in 1976 and established Hamilton Technologies 10 years later. Throughout the 1970s, Hamilton lived in New York City's Gramercy Park neighborhood and appeared on local (and some national) public-service announcements for organizations promoting the welfare of pets. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Margaret Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American film actress known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. [37] Jack Garman, a NASA computer engineer in mission control, recognized the meaning of the errors that were presented to the astronauts by the priority displays and shouted, "Go, go!" As she grew, she quickly developed a passion for mathematics and decided to work in this domain. Because software was a mystery, a black box, upper management gave us total freedom and trust. She subsequently developed Alzheimer's disease and died in her sleep following a heart attack on May 16, 1985 in Salisbury, Connecticut at the age of 82. Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. [16] A Republican, she supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election. As an adult, she worked on NASA's Apollo program, creating computer programs to guide spacecraft to and from the moon. Her family later moved to Michigan and Hamilton attended the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, for a time. [24] She worked to gain hands-on experience during a time when computer science courses were uncommon and software engineering courses did not exist. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Click here if you want to see this biography in Spanish translation. The couple then moved to Boston. Margaret Dawn Hamilton AM (23 June 1941 - 24 November 2022) [1] was an Australian children's literature publisher who served as the National President of the Children's Book Council of Australia from 1991 to 1992 and as a National Board Member until April 2017 when she formally retired. She served on the Beverly Hills Board of Education from 1948 to 1951 and was a Sunday school teacher during the 1950s. Starred in the live on-stage musical "A Little Night Music" (with actress Jean Simmons in the lead role) during the mid-1970s in San Francisco. Credit: Courtesy MIT Museum Margaret Hamilton's Apollo Code A brief history of the famous 1969 photo of the software that sent humans to the Moon. Design & Development: President Barack Obama presents Apollo code developer Margaret Hamilton (at left) and "Apollo 13" actor Tom Hanks (right) with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on Nov. 22, 2016. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". ", is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. In 2019, she was awarded the Intrepid Lifetime Achievement Award. During the 1960s and 1970s, Hamilton appeared regularly on television. Her latest book, "Why Am I Taller? In recent years, a striking photo of Hamilton and her teams Apollo code has made the rounds on social media and in articles detailing her key contributions to Apollo 11's success. The computer (or rather the software in it) was smart enough to recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should be performing. , money, salary, income, and assets. However, in By Your Leave (1934), she plays his housekeeper, and in Saratoga (1937), she has a colloquy with Morgan regarding a cosmetic product he invented (with side glances and eye rolls by Morgan as to its effect on her "beauty"). In one of the critical moments of the Apollo 11 mission, the Apollo Guidance Computer, together with the on-board flight software, averted an abort of the landing on the Moon. Margaret Hamilton was born on August 17, 1936. [14] On October 30, 1975, she guest-starred on the radio revival series CBS Radio Mystery Theater. When I was the beginner they gave it to me as well. I said, 'Yes?' Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. Dishonored Lady. I guess for a minute they get the feeling they got when they watched the picture. (196566; Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama, but turned it down. She played Morticia Addams' mother, Hester Frump, in three episodes of The Addams Family. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. We knew that. [81][14] The couple then moved to Boston, Massachusetts,[14] where they had a daughter, Lauren, born on November 10, 1959. 1967) {Ex-Husband}, Your email address will not be published. After she recuperated, she said, "I won't sue, because I know how this business works, and I would never work again. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science since 2015. She is best known for playing the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz.In movies, she often played older, unmarried women from New England who was extremely practical but did not enjoy jokes. Margaret Hamilton, the actress whose role as the cackling Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz unnerved generations of children, died yesterday, apparently of a heart attack, at a nursing home in Salisbury, Connecticut. NY 10036. Space is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and (soon) a Bachelor of History from Athabasca University. Hamilton had to recuperate in a hospital and at home for six weeks after the accident before returning to the set to complete her work on the film and refused to have anything further to do with fire for the rest of the filming. American software engineer and businesswoman, American computer programmer, businessman, and philanthropist. [47] In 1980, British-Israeli computer scientist David Harel published a proposal for a structured programming language derived from HOS from the viewpoint of and/or subgoals. They're really scared for a second. She is a member of famous Actress with the age 83 years old group. Apollo 9 tested out the lunar module and command module together in Earth orbit for the first time, and then the two spacecraft were tested again in lunar orbit for Apollo 10. For ABC's short-lived radio anthology Theatre-Five, she played a manipulative ailing Aunt Lettie to Joan Lorring as the unhappy niece Maude in "Noose of Pearls". What are the Van Allen Belts and why do they matter? Biography. The original caption, she says, reads: Here, Margaret is shown standing beside listings of the software developed by her and the team she was in charge of, the LM [lunar module] and CM [command module] on-board flight software team.. Hamilton was a regular parishioner of the Presbyterian church. A few months after filming Oz, she appeared in Babes in Arms (1939) as Jeff Steele's aunt, Martha, a society do-gooder who made it her goal to send the gang of child actors, led by Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland, to a work farm. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Contrary to her character, one of the top villains in movie . It was her code that enabled the human race to travel to the moon and back. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". There was no second chance. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was. "The award included the largest financial award that NASA had ever presented to any individual up to that point. She graduated from Hancock High School and studied at the University . The studio hired a new stunt double, Aline Goodwin, to finish the broomstick-riding scene for Danko.[9]. What I do?!!! While her acting career developed, her marriage began to fail; the couple divorced in 1938. During one interview, she joked: I was in need of money at the time, I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time, and my agent called. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Hat, Coat and Glove. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 1958. She was director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for NASA 's Apollo program. While studying mathematics and philosophy at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, she met James Hamilton, and they subsequently married. [50], Hamilton was the CEO of HOS through 1984[20] and left the company in 1985. We recommend you to check the complete list of Famous People born on 9 December. Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard, who was first considered for the role, albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene, declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly.[6]. She helped write the computer code for the command and lunar modules used on the Apollo missions to the Moon in the late 1960s and early 70s. Margaret had already built her resume with several performances in film before she came to her most memorable and astronomically successful role, Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz (1939). Coming up with solutions and new ideas was an adventure. In later years, Hamilton made frequent . Among them, there were 6 in which the man stepped on the floor of the Moon. Zack, Suzanne. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Armstrong had no time for lengthy explanations. (Apollo 13 aborted before landing due to an explosion in the command module's service area.). [38] Paul Curto, senior technologist who nominated Hamilton for a NASA Space Act Award, called Hamilton's work "the foundation for ultra-reliable software design".[23]. She led a team that was tasked with developing the software for the guidance and control systems of the in-flight command and lunar modules of the Apollo missions. What are the characteristics of the Solar System? Margaret Hamiltons income source is mostly from being a successful Actress. The computer was overloaded with interrupts caused by incorrectly phased power supplied to the lander's rendezvous radar. "[13] She appeared as herself in three episodes of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, between 1975 and 1976, because Fred Rogers wanted his viewers to recognize the Wicked Witch was just a character and not something to be afraid of. Her other mid-1970s stage productions, as the producer, were The Three Sisters and House Party.[where? Biography of Margaret Hamilton, American scientist, notable computer scientist who worked at NASA in support of Apollo missions. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. A kindergarten teacher in her native Cleveland, Margaret Hamilton began her acting career there in community theatre and with the prestigious Cleveland Playhouse. She notably wrote software for a program to identify enemy aircraft. We have estimated She became very concerned about the role's effect on children, and finally did a guest spot on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1968) to explain that the Witch was just a character in the film, and not herself. [2], Margaret Elaine Heafield was born August 17, 1936, in Paoli, Indiana,[3] to Kenneth Heafield and Ruth Esther Heafield (ne Partington). Margaret Hamilton. And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. By some accounts, the astronauts had inadvertently left the rendezvous radar switch on, causing these alarms to be triggered (the claim that the radar was left on inadvertently by the astronauts is disputed by Robert Wills with the National Museum of Computing[29]). [4] However, in mid-1959, Hamilton began working for Edward Norton Lorenz, in the meteorology department at MIT. Her name was clearly visible when the entire Apollo 11 source code was released on GitHub in 2016; according to MIT, the first full line of the software read, "SUBMITTED: MARGARET H. HAMILTON DATE: 28 MAR 69 / M.H.HAMILTON, COLOSSUS PROGRAMMING LEADER / APOLLO GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION.". Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner.She is credited with coining the term, "software engineering".Hamilton was Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program. And it was at the age of 22 that she graduated from Earlham . When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. The solution came from a young Margaret who assured the Mission Director that she could safely ignore the two error messages. We have a full Biography, Photos, Theatre Credits, and more! "Margaret Hamilton, 82, Dies; Played Wicked Witch In 'Oz', "Ah, The Songs of Long Ago! Hamilton made her debut as a "professional entertainer" on December 9, 1929, in a "program of 'heart rending songs'" in the Charles S. Brooks Theater at the Cleveland Play House. Hamilton was concerned with legitimizing software development as an engineering discipline. A century earlier, she had a worthy British predecessor named Ada Lovelace. She had a small role in the made-for-television film The Night Strangler (1973) and appeared as a befuddled neighbor on Sigmund and the Sea Monsters, who is a friend of the very similar Mary Wickes. [10] She says her poet father and headmaster grandfather inspired her to include a minor in philosophy in her studies. "Everything was going according to plan until something totally unexpected happened, just as the astronauts were in the process of landing on the moon," she recalled. Both those elements were crucial during the Apollo 11 mission (1969), which took astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the Moon. Pufnstuf herself being spoofed by actress Billie Hayes. The pipe exploded on the third take of the scene. 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She appeared on Broadway in the musical Goldilocks opposite Don Ameche and Elaine Stritch, gave a lighter touch to the domineering Parthy Anne Hawks in the 1966 revival of Show Boat (dancing with David Wayne), and was the tender Aunt Eller in the 1968 Lincoln Center revival of Oklahoma!. Three minutes before the lunar lander reached the Moon's surface, several computer alarms were triggered. In the early 1960s Hamilton joined MITs Lincoln Laboratory, where she was involved in the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) project, the first U.S. air defense system. According to MIT, this was the first air defense system for the country and helped to push forward digital computing in the 1950s and 1960s. Qualification: BA in Mathematics with a Minor in Philosophy, College: Earlham College, University of Michigan, Profession: Computer Scientist, Systems Engineer and Business Owner, Known For: Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed On-board Flight Software for NASAs Apollo Space Program, James Cox Hamilton; (m. 1958; div. Her "priority display" innovation had created a knock-on risk that astronaut and computer would slip out of synch just when it mattered most. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Hamilton never remarried. At the time, no schools taught software engineering, so the team members had to work out any problems on their own. However, once there, she preferred to accept work at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), as a software developer. Omissions? [16] She moved on to another project in the summer of 1961, and hired and trained Ellen Fetter as her replacement.[12]. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Learn How rich is She in this year and how She spends money? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer, a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen. is 5'(1.52m) . Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers. Zeitlin, Arnold. Discover Margaret Hamilton's Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. In 1986 Margaret founded the company Hamilton Technologies in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hamilton was initially hired as a programmer for this process but moved on into systems design. Without exaggeration, it could be said that the heroes of the arrival to the Moon were four: Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins and Margaret Hamilton. Four years later, she obtained the Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics at Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana (USA). In 1933, Hamilton was invited to repeat her stage role of the sarcastic daughter-in-law in the Broadway play Another Language for the MGM film version. She also wrote a program for the Cambridge Air Force Research Laboratory. "[64][65], In 2019, to celebrate 50 years to the Apollo landing, Google decided to make a tribute to Hamilton. Margaret Hamilton was born on August 17, 1936. )[citation needed]. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. At the time, computer science and software engineering were not yet established disciplines; instead, programmers learned on the job with hands-on experience. Managing Editor: She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo programs guidance system. By Maia Weinstock | MIT News Office When asked about her experiences on the set of The Wizard of Oz, Hamilton said her biggest fear was that her monstrous film role would give children the wrong idea of who she really was. On December 23, 1938, Hamilton suffered a second-degree burn on her face and a third-degree burn on her hand during a second take of her fiery exit from Munchkinland in which the trap door's drop was delayed to eliminate the brief glimpse of it seen in the final edit. Her husband is Paul Boynton Meserve (13 June1931 - 20 May1938)( divorced)( 1 child). Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. [59] Over time the term "software engineering" gained the same respect as any other technical discipline. Corrections? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Quote her most famous line, however, and watch their eyes blink awake with recognition: "I'll get you my pretty! Hamilton, now an independent computer scientist, described for MIT News in 2009 her contributions to the Apollo software which last month was added in its entirety to the code-sharing site GitHub: From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission. She was a distant cousin of Neil Hamilton, with whom she appeared in By Your Leave (1934). If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this. When she reprised her role as the Wicked Witch in a 1976 episode of Sesame Street, "the show's producers were flooded with letters from parents saying it was too frightening for children. "Every time the CPU approached overload, the software cleared out its entire queue of processes, restarted its functions; allowing only the highest priority ones to perform until the landing was completed," she said. In 2009, Margaret Hamilton and fellow MIT software engineers described what is was like to contribute to the Apollo missions 40 years after the famous Apollo 11 landing in the Moon's Sea of Tranquility in July 1969. [14] The SAGE Project was an extension of Project Whirlwind, started by MIT to create a computer system that could predict weather systems and track their movements using simulators. The Opportunity of a Lifetime. Because software was a mystery, a black box, upper management gave us total freedom and trust. She spent 11 days in hospital and her legs were permanently scarred. And I asked him what part, and he said, 'The Witch,' and I said, 'The Witch?!' [27] View popular celebrities life details, birth signs and real ages. By continuing to use the site, you agree to the use of cookies. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, presented on November 22, 2016 by the President of the United States, for her brilliant work during the Apollo missions in the 1960s. They were married on June 15, 1958, the summer after she graduated from Earlham. She was severely burned during the "Surrender Dorothy!" Hamilton has a diverse background, including an undergraduate degree in mathematics from Earlham College in Indiana, and postgraduate work in meteorology at MIT. The original caption, she says, reads: Here, Margaret is shown standing beside listings of the software developed by her and the team she was in charge of, the LM [lunar module] and CM [command module] on-board flight software team.. August 17, 2016. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Hamilton herself specifically concentrated on software to detect system errors and to recover information in a computer crash. Margaret Hamilton (Margaret Brainard Hamilton) was born on 9 December, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, is an Actress, Soundtrack. Volume One, 1981-1985, pages 360-361. Half a century ago, MIT played a critical role in the development of the flight software for NASAs Apollo program, which landed humans on the Moon for the first time in 1969. Thompson, Arthur A.; Strickland, A. J., (1996), "Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases", Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 16:40, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, "001: A Full Life Cycle Systems Engineering and Software Development Environment", Universal Systems Language for Preventative Systems Engineering, A Formal Universal Systems Semantics for SysML, Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo, "President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom", "Former Earlham Student Had Role in Moon Flight", "2009 Outstanding Alumni and Distinguished Service Awards", "The Woman Who Taught Me Margaret Hamilton MAKERS Moment", "Margaret Hamilton: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Took Us to the Moon", "The statistical prediction of solutions of dynamic equations", "AGC Conference 1: Margaret Hamilton's introduction", "Scene at MIT: Margaret Hamilton's Apollo code", "NASA Engineers and Scientists-Transforming Dreams Into Reality", The History of Apollo On-board Guidance, Navigation, and Control, Keyboard and Display Program and Operation, "Moon landing memories:'Apollo 11 changed civilisation and I had a part in it', "Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer", "Computer Got Loaded, letter to the editor of Datamation", Higher Order Software Evaluation and Critique, "Federal User Offers Free CAD/CAM Software", "And/Or Programs: A New Approach to Structured Programming", "Overview of Hamilton Technologies, Inc. (HTI) 001", "ICSE 2018 Plenary Sessions Margaret Hamilton", "What to Know About the Scientist who Invented the Term "Software Engineering", "NASA Engineers and Scientists Transforming Dreams Into Reality", "Margaret Hamilton: 2017 Fellow Biography", "Margaret Hamilton, the Engineer Who Took the Apollo to the Moon", "Her code got humans on the moon and invented software itself", "Software and a Woman at the Heart of Lunar Triumph", "A moonlit tribute to a moon landing icon", "Honour for software writer on Apollo moon mission", "White House honors two of tech's female pioneers", "Margaret Hamilton Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom", "The 2017 Fellow Award Acceptance Speech", "Lego's 'Women of NASA' toy set is finally on sale and it's already Amazon's best-selling toy", "Investiture of scientist Margaret Hamilton as an honorary doctor of the UPC", "Margaret Hamilton Accepts 2019 Washington Award Nomination", "Bard College - 2019 Honorary Degree Recipients", "Margaret Hamilton's sister shares her memories as Seattle's seniors celebrate the 50th anniversary of the moon landing", "James Cox Hamilton, at 77; lawyer was quiet warrior for First Amendment", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)&oldid=1141753509.

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