Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. Austria's resistance to attempts to unify Germany under Prussian leadership further obstructed unification. [19], Despite considerable conservative reaction, ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German-speaking lands. Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphsbacked up by the possible use of Prussian military mightand an internal conservatism tempered by pragmatism, which came to be known as Realpolitik. [57], Unification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem. ", Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. opaeeftakppooeiflei# 01848--1871: unification of Germany and final unification of Italy and introductionof 3rd republic in France. Railway lines encouraged economic activity by creating demand for commodities and by facilitating commerce. Diplomatic attempts to have the November Constitution repealed collapsed, and fighting began when Prussian and Austrian troops crossed the Eider river on 1 February 1864. Good grades in such AP tests can result in the student being granted exemption from certain college freshman courses. There was no readily applicable definition for who the German people would be or how far the borders of a German nation would stretch. Utilizing their efficiently laid rail grid, Prussian troops were delivered to battle areas rested and prepared to fight, whereas French troops had to march for considerable distances to reach combat zones. In 1870 Italy and Germany were unified. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. [39], As travel became easier, faster, and less expensive, Germans started to see unity in factors other than their language. Combined diplomatic pressure from Austria and Russia (a guarantor of the 1815 agreements that established European spheres of influence) forced Prussia to relinquish the idea of the Erfurt Union at a meeting in the small town of Olmtz in Moravia. However, the Prussian leadership, which was thoroughly conservative, rejected the Frankfurt constitution, preferring reform and unification directed from above. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 181314. italian unification ap european history crash course albert . They would have been Genoese or Sicilian or Veronese. Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s, the majority of the population, manufacturing centers, and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865. A comparison of the two types of theaters can be demonstrated by showing the traditional floor plan of the Vienna opera house and contrasting it with Wagner's Festspielhaus. [27], The economic, social and cultural dislocation of ordinary people, the economic hardship of an economy in transition, and the pressures of meteorological disasters all contributed to growing problems in Central Europe. A Nation of Provincials: The German Idea of Heimat. [109] However, legislation required the consent of the Bundesrat, the federal council of deputies from the states, in and over which Prussia had a powerful influence; Prussia could appoint 17 of 58 delegates with only 14 votes needed for a veto. ultimate guide to Euro 2020, epic interviews with the stars, plus the UK and Ireland dream team and also discover everything you need to know about Messi, Ronaldo, Kane, Salah, Mbappe, Maguire, Hazard, Pogba and all the other top footballers. Afrikaans; ; Asturianu; Azrbaycanca; Bn-lm-g; ; ; Bosanski; Catal; etina; Dansk; Deutsch; Eesti . [117], The Germanized Jews remained another vulnerable population in the new German nation-state. By 1835, Heinrich von Gagern wrote that roads were the "veins and arteries of the body politic" and predicted that they would promote freedom, independence and prosperity. The operas are based on an ancient German myth, and Wagner hoped that the retelling of this myth in modern operatic form would foster a spirit of German nationalism. The unification of Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung, pronounced [dt an] (listen)) was the process of building the modern German nation-state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without multinational Austria of the Habsburgs), which commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the North German Confederation, initially a Prussian-dominated military alliance which was subsequently deepened through adoption of the North German Constitution. Comparing and contrasting Wagner's views of nationalism in "Art and Revolution" with Bismarck's speech to the Prussian Lower House, what are the strengths and weaknesses of each view? The Zollverein, the economic unity of the German states, inspired the idea of nationalism. German unification had also been viewed as a prerequisite for the creation of a European federation, which Giuseppe Mazzini and other European patriots had been promoting for more than three decades: In the spring of 1834, while at Berne, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. The first part, Das Rheingold, opens with three Rhine Maidens guarding the Rhine Gold, and the last part, Gtterdammerung, concludes with the same Rhine Maidens. All parties in France rejected the terms, insisting that any armistice be forged on the basis of territorial integrity. France, in other words, would pay reparations for starting the war, but would, in Jules Favre's famous phrase, cede neither a clod of our earth nor a stone of our fortresses". Victoria and Albert Museum, Dept. Lacking a geographically central organizing feature (such as a national capital), the rails were laid in webs, linking towns and markets within regions, regions within larger regions, and so on. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of "clay". Politically, the conservative order tried to limit the influence of liberal politics by making minor concessions to liberals. In 1850, inland shipping carried three times more freight than railroads; by 1870, the situation was reversed, and railroads carried four times more. Since 1780, after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German-speaking territories did not: they could own land, for example, and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter (also called the Judengasse, or "Jews' alley"). Denis Mack Smith (editor). The colors black, red and gold were symbolic of this. Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. The speed of Prussian mobilization astonished the French, and the Prussian ability to concentrate power at specific pointsreminiscent of Napoleon I's strategies seventy years earlieroverwhelmed French mobilization. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. The overall content of the speeches suggested a fundamental difference between the German nationalism of the 1830s and the French nationalism of the July Revolution: the focus of German nationalism lay in the education of the people; once the populace was educated as to what was needed, they would accomplish it. Crimean War in 3 Minutes MindTap: The France of Napoleon . He was first and foremost a politician, and in this lied his strength. Smith focuses on German unification and religion. [121] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. At Hambach, the positions of the many speakers illustrated their disparate agendas. Finally, Francefearing Hohenzollern encirclementdeclared war on Prussia in 1870, resulting in the Franco-Prussian War. Scribner, Robert W. and Sheilagh C. Ogilvie. Thus Wagner emphasizes that German identity is tied with geographical boundaries, in this case, the Rhine River. [112], If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus, that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871. Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. Hanover on the north coast formed its own customs union the Tax Union or Steuerverein in 1834 with Brunswick and with Oldenburg in 1836. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. Prussia's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the Partitions of Poland, the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War under Frederick the Great. A complete overview of the AP European History exam. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (18041814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. Following the defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1866, the German states allied with Prussia, with the notable exception of Catholic Bavaria, forming the North German Confederation. German and Italian reunification has similarities and differences. Meanwhile, center-right revolutionaries sought some kind of expanded suffrage within their states and potentially, a form of loose unification. [75], The debate over the proposed national constitution became moot when news of Italian troop movements in Tyrol and near the Venetian border reached Vienna in April 1866. [63], The Crimean War of 185455 and the Italian War of 1859 disrupted relations among Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia. [58], This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states, not their consolidation. Italian and German Unification Secondary Sources SOURCE 1: Excerpt from Raymond Grew, A Sterner Plan for Italian Unity, 1963, pp. In Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang Di uses Legalist, harsh values to govern the . Bismarck was also confronted with problems from religious minorities in Germany, especially from Catholics and Jews. Both impacting leaders, the Reformation's Martin Luther and the Qin Dynasty's Shi Huang Di make decisions that change the course of global history. [21], The Hambach Festival (Hambacher Fest) in May 1832 was attended by a crowd of more than 30,000. Strong interest in software design inter-coupled with lean business development. For a summary of this argument, see David Blackbourn, and Geoff Eley. For the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte, The first, original, and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries. [22], Crucially, both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear-cut program of unification. [53] Since the end of the 1990s, this view has become widely accepted, although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism. Wagner hoped that by the time the overture reached its crescendo, the music would have suitably "unified" the audience. Water transportation also improved. [18] Furthermore, implicit and sometimes explicit promises made during the German Campaign of 1813 engendered an expectation of popular sovereignty and widespread participation in the political process, promises that largely went unfulfilled once peace had been achieved. German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, and Politics, 1870-1914. He refused for a variety of reasons. 9 months ago. "Imagined Regions: The Construction of Traditional, Democratic, and Other Identities." [101] Under the subsequent Treaty of Frankfurt, France relinquished most of its traditionally German regions (Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine); paid an indemnity, calculated (on the basis of population) as the precise equivalent of the indemnity that Napoleon Bonaparte imposed on Prussia in 1807;[102] and accepted German administration of Paris and most of northern France, with "German troops to be withdrawn stage by stage with each installment of the indemnity payment". The blockades on the Rhine had been removed by Napoleon's orders, but by the 1820s, steam engines freed riverboats from the cumbersome system of men and animals that towed them upstream. [91] Over the next few weeks, the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe. Bismarck resolved the crisis in favor of the war minister. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. The Lower House, the Reichstag, was popularly elected but could not introduce legislation and could only veto the budget, something they were usually unwilling to do. Bismarck used the nationalist movement to increase Prussia's power and began working to eliminate foreign influence, much like the process of unification in Italy. "Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The Case of the German, Llobera, Josep R. and Goldsmiths' College. G.Wawro. Om. AP Euro Italian Unification YouTube Video Otto von Bismarck (April 1, 1815 - July 30, 1898) Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian statesman who set the stage for the creation of the German Empire in 1871 and served as its chancellor for 19 years. 465 -466 During the first half of the nineteenth century, nationalism was most often connected to liberalism. Its basic, and equally grandiose idea, was that, as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty, another revolution would now be needed for national liberty; and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests. The Prussian cabinet saw German unity as an issue of power and a question of who had the strength and will to wield that power. 432; Holt, p. 75. In 1806, after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia at the joint battles of Jena-Auerstedt 1806 during the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg which included the formal dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the abdication of Emperor Francis II from the nominal reign over it. The possibility of German (or Italian) unification would overturn the overlapping spheres of influence system created in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna. One school of thought, which emerged after The Great War and gained momentum in the aftermath of World War II, maintains that the failure of German liberals in the Frankfurt Parliament led to bourgeoisie compromise with conservatives (especially the conservative Junker landholders), which subsequently led to the so-called Sonderweg (distinctive path) of 20th-century German history. AP European History Textbook Western Europe Since 1945 Western Civilization I: Certificate Program . The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this. Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions. The unifications wouldn't have been achieved without the help of men and historical circumstances. This became known as the Punctation of Olmtz, but among Prussians it was known as the "Humiliation of Olmtz."[56]. Many of their ideas and programs were later incorporated into Bismarck's social programs (e.g., social insurance, education programs, and wider definitions of suffrage). The new empire functioned largely as a federation, with Prussia as the dominant state. In November 1850, the Prussiansspecifically Radowitz and Frederick Williamagreed to the restoration of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership. Europe (1848-1871) quizzes about important details and events in every section of the book. Ap Euro Sample Guide. For a representative analysis of this perspective, see. As the music builds, display a picture of the opening scene. [95], The reorganization of the military by von Roon and the operational strategy of Moltke combined against France to great effect. 0. The first episode in the saga of German unification under Bismarck came with the Schleswig-Holstein Question. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 186768, still did not make a nation. The wave of nationalism that raced through Europe in the nineteenth century resulted in the unifications of Germany and Italy. Italy had its own way of unifying and so did Germany. (The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor.) They were intended to develop a mythic national history for the new empire, which had no actual political history on which to construct a national identity. the foundation of East Francia from eastern Frankish Empire (Francia) in 843, especially when the Ottonian dynasty took power to rule it in 919, though the Empire subsequently entered period of increasing fragmentation. Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victories, however much these might have boosted morale. [119], Another important element in nation-building, the story of the heroic past, fell to such nationalist German historians as the liberal constitutionalist Friedrich Dahlmann (17851860), his conservative student Heinrich von Treitschke (18341896), and others less conservative, such as Theodor Mommsen (18171903) and Heinrich von Sybel (18171895), to name two. The first lesson was that, through force of arms, a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. In 1866, most mid-sized German states had opposed Prussia, but by 1870 these states had been coerced and coaxed into mutually protective alliances with Prussia. This led to his brother William becoming prince regent of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1858. . [60]. The story continues by drawing on Prussia's role in saving Germans from the resurgence of Napoleon's power in 1815, at Waterloo, creating some semblance of economic unity, and uniting Germans under one proud flag after 1871. Dahlmann himself died before unification, but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions, by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation, and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification. The four major reasons behind the unification of Germany are the role of Bismark, the strength of the Prussian economy, the decline of Austria, and the military power of Prussia. . In the Kleindeutschland ("Lesser Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns; in the Grossdeutschland ("Greater Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs. [61], King Frederick William IV suffered a stroke in 1857 and could no longer rule. The next day, the Prussian delegate to the Frankfurt assembly presented a plan calling for a national constitution, a directly elected national Diet, and universal suffrage. The overture to Das Rheingold sets the stage for the audience. [122], Mommsen's contributions to the Monumenta Germaniae Historica laid the groundwork for additional scholarship on the study of the German nation, expanding the notion of "Germany" to mean other areas beyond Prussia. In addition, the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation's path (in this case, the United Kingdom's) is the accepted norm. Bismarck's policies, especially the buildup of the Prussian army, led to conflict with the liberal-dominated Lower House of the Prussian parliament, which resisted his proposals to pay for the increase in military expenditures with new taxes until Bismarck and the crown agreed to lasting constitutional reform. Many of the problems related to poverty (such as illness, overcrowded housing, unemployment, school absenteeism, refusal to learn German, etc.) Its impact reached throughout the social order, affecting the highest born to the lowest. [66] First, the phrase from his speech "the great questions of time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions" is often interpreted as a repudiation of the political processa repudiation Bismarck did not himself advocate. Ask students to close their eyes and imagine sitting in a darkened Festspielhaus in 1876, the night of the opera's premiere. European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization; its German manifestation emphasized the importance of tradition, education, and linguistic unity. Military successesespecially those of Prussiain three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. The full text of Wagner's essay is available online. The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war with the unfavorable Peace of Prague,[82] laying the groundwork for the Kleindeutschland (little Germany) solution, or "Germany without Austria.". Prussian territory in the Confederation was extended to include also the formerly Polish territories of the Lauenburg and Btow Land and the former Starostwo of Draheim, while Austrian part was extended to include in the years 1818-1850 also the formerly Polish territories of the Duchy of Owicim and the Duchy of Zator), meaning that large portions of both Prussia and Austria were left outside pIn recognition of the imperial position traditionally held by the Habsburgs, the emperors of Austria became the titular presidents of this parliament. A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire's population, including the Polish and Danish minorities, started with language, in particular, the German language, compulsory schooling (Germanization), and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past. He was also an ardent German nationalist. In 1848, nationalists sought to remedy that problem. The career and music of Richard Wagner offer a unique interdisciplinary approach to the romantic aspect of German nationalism. Why did Wagner's cultural/mythical nationalism yield to Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik? AP Euro: Unification 6 HISTORY on leer en el cafe 6 Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions Deutsch Aktuell: Level 1 1st Edition ISBN: 9780821952054 Wolfgang Kraft 303 solutions Vorsprung: A Communicative Introduction to German Language and Culture 4th Edition ISBN: 9780357036983 (5 more) Douglas J. Through a combination of Bismarck's diplomacy and political leadership, von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's military strategy, Prussia demonstrated that none of the European signatories of the 1815 peace treaty could guarantee Austria's sphere of influence in Central Europe, thus achieving Prussian hegemony in Germany and ending the dualism debate.[73]. .We need a powerful ruling house. The Wars of Unification resulted in the annexation of large populations of non-German speakers, such as Danes in Schleswig and French in Alsace-Lorraine. Over the following forty years, the great powers supported the Spanish monarchy, but events in 1868 would further test the old system, finally providing the external trigger needed by Bismarck. Their governance varied: they included free imperial cities, also of different sizes, such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and dynastic states such as Wrttemberg. [89] The Austro-Prussian War also damaged relations with the French government. While some, such as Wagner, viewed the nation as an organic and natural entity, drawing together peoples with similar linguistic and cultural heritages, others considered the nation as a political institution to be constructed by political authority. p.235. No amount of censorship, fines, imprisonment, or banishment, it seemed, could stem the criticism. Despite undergoing in the later years several further changes of its name and borders, overhauls of its constitutional system, periods of limited sovereignty and interrupted unity of its territory or government, and despite dissolution of its dominant founding federated state, the polity resulting from the unification process continues its existence, surviving until today in its contemporary form known as the Federal Republic of Germany.
