henry kissinger children

henry kissinger children

They had two children Elizabeth and David. Before that, he served as co-president of NBC Universal Television Studio. As the Cold War ended, Mearsheimer was so committed to the balance of power principle that he made the striking suggestion of allowing nuclear proliferation in a unified Germany and throughout Eastern Europe. [2] She received a B.A. Scenes from a week of weirdness under lockdown, as residents of New Orleans practice social distancing to avoid spreading the coronavirus. Arendt never warmed to him, but they shared a disappointment about the U.S.s early performance in the Cold War. WebHenry Kissinger was at one time, `the most admired person in America'. Morgenthau was disappointed when Kissinger defended the Vietnam War in public, despite having privately admitted to him that the U.S. could not win. WebHenry Kissinger, in full Henry Alfred Kissinger, (born May 27, 1923, Frth, Germany), American political scientist, who, as adviser for national security affairs and as secretary of state, was a major influence in the shaping of U.S. foreign policy from 1969 to 1976 under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. The U.S.-backed interventions prefiguring Allendes removal include dozens in Latin America and the Caribbean alone. But, unlike Kissinger, Morgenthau was unwilling to sacrifice his realist principles for political influence. All these ventures have helped him gather a net worth of $50 million as of 2023. children. WebFrom 1943 to 1946 Dr. Kissinger served in the U.S. Army Counter Intelligence Corps and from 1946 to 1949 was a captain in the Military Intelligence Reserve. After completing high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York, as a part time student. The publisher James Laughlin, who was a backer of the magazine, described the young Kissinger as a thoroughly sincere person (terribly earnest Germanic type) who is trying his hardest to do an idealistic job. Like his other early production, the Harvard International Seminar, a summer program that convened participants from around the worldKissinger gamely volunteered to spy on attendees for the F.B.I.the magazine opened channels for him not only with policymakers in Washington but also with an older generation of German Jewish thinkers whose political experience had been formed in the early thirties, when the Weimar Republic was supplanted by the Nazi regime. That book and The Necessity for Choice (1960), in which Kissinger limited his concept of flexible response to conventional forces and warned of a missile gap between the Soviet Union and the United States, had a significant impact on the activities of the Kennedy administration. He had a younger brother, businessman Walter (19242021). Grandins Kissinger, despite speaking the language of realistscredibility, linkage, balance of powerhas a view of reality so cavalier as to be radically relativist. Kissinger and his second wife Nancy Maginnes have been married since 1974; he has two children with his first wife and five grandchildren. Wykes (d. 1527) 1954-1971 - Harvard University faculty member. So, how old is Henry Kissinger in 2023 and what is his height and weight? In 1945, he was made commandant of the Bansheim metro CIC detachment, Bergstrasse district of Hesse, for de-Nazification of the area. Les tableaux sont le meilleur endroit pour sauvegarder des images et des vidos. Photo: Peter Foley/Bloomberg via Getty Images, Every Candidate in the 2024 U.S. Presidential Race, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Henry Alfred Henry, Birth Year: 1923, Birth date: May 27, 1923, Birth City: Frth, Birth Country: Germany. WASHINGTON, March 30 Henry A. Kissinger married Nancy Maginnes this afternoon in Arlington, Va., and the couple immediately flew to Acapulco for a Mexican honeymoon. Wife and Children. Kissinger married philanthropist Nancy Maginnes in 1974. In the mid-sixties, working as a consultant for the Johnson Administration, he was publicly critical of the Vietnam War, which he believed jeopardized Americas status as a great power, and Johnson had him fired. In the 1980s he also served on the Presidents Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy. Real Name/Full Name The marriage to Nancy was Kissingers second; he is divorced from his first wife, Ann Fleischer, with whom he has two children. As former critics crept toward the political center and rose to power themselves, passions cooled. On stage and radio from age five, she was pretty much prodded by a typical stage mother. In four years, the U.S. military dropped more bombs on Cambodia than it had in the entire Pacific theatre during the Second World War. Upon graduating summa cum laude in 1950, Kissinger decided to remain at Harvard to pursue a Ph.D. in the Department of Government. Is portrayed by Theodore Bikel in The Final Days (1989), Paul Sorvino in Nixon (1995), and Ron Silver in Kissinger and Nixon (1995). Political thinkers grappling with Prussias rise on a continent crowded with competing powers propounded several strains of strategic thought. Nevertheless, Kissinger's ruthlessly pragmatic, sometimes Machiavellian tactics have earned him as many critics as admirers. We can genetically modify children and sterilize them --- for the greater good. Henry Kissinger How old is Henry Kissinger? Samantha Power, the most celebrated critic of the U.S.s failure to halt genocides, was not above receiving the HenryA. Kissinger Prize from him. Kissinger and his second wife Nancy Maginnes have been married since 1974; he has two children with his first wife and five grandchildren. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In 1947, upon his return to the United States, he was admitted to Harvard University to complete his undergraduate coursework. Kissinger studied history and political science and was appointed to a chair at Harvard. Henry Kissinger was born in Frth on 27th May 1923 and was imigrated with his family to the Elizabeth has one child. In 1942, Kissinger was drafted into the U.S. Army. The Kremlin leadership was reluctant to increase the pittance it sent to Chile, knowing that Allende would spend it on badly needed American imports. We can genetically modify children and sterilize them --- for the greater good. He has two children from his first wife, Ann Fleischer: Elizabeth, a physician, and David Alexander, a lawyer-turned-TV journalist. Henry Kissinger/Wife Henry Kissinger/Age. Control sheep minds and you control the herd. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 1943 he took out the American citizenship. For more than sixty years, Henry Kissingers name has been synonymous with the foreign-policy doctrine called realism. In his time as national-security adviser and Secretary of State to President Richard Nixon, his willingness to speak frankly about the U.S.s pursuit of power in a chaotic world brought him both acclaim and notoriety. Under his guidance, US government also supported the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy published in 1957, is one of his most important works. He had a younger brother, businessman Walter (19242021). And he shared Kissingers belief that foreign policy could not be left to technocrats with flowcharts and statistics. Henry Kissinger was born in Frth on 27th May 1923 and was imigrated with his family to the . Sign up for the Books & Fiction newsletter. On his way to summit talks in Moscow, he stopped in Bonn to meet Bundeskanzler Brandt and Federal Minister Scheel in Schloss Gymnich. in history in 1955 from Mount Holyoke College . The Vietnam War was the greatest foreign policy trial of Kissingers career. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. As a result, he has served at several high-ranking positions in U. 1954-1971 - Harvard University faculty member. He picked an imposing nameConfluenceand enlisted illustrious contributors: Hannah Arendt, Raymond Aron, Lillian Smith, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Reinhold Niebuhr. Henry Kissinger/Place of birth. They have been married for more than 40 years now. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Gregory Cromwell, Baron Cromwell of Oakham (c. 1514-1551) German Kissinger was born as Heinz Alfred Kissinger in Germany. All rights reserved. There were two children, Elizabeth and David. He married Ann Fleischer in 1949 and was divorced in 1964. Then in 1969, Kissinger finally left Harvard when incoming President Richard Nixon appointed him as national security advisor. There were two children, Elizabeth and David. Dtente required Kissinger to prevail over hard-liner views of the Soviet leadership as ideologues bent on world domination and to see Leonid Brezhnevs Kremlin as populated by rational actors. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II and in the postwar U.S. military government of Germany. He has also received Israels Presidential Medal and the Henry A. Grunwald Award in 2012 and 2013, respectively. He also served as a consultant on security matters to various U.S. agencies from 1955 to 1968, spanning the administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. For Cold War liberals, who saw the stirrings of fascism in everything from McCarthyism to the rise of mass culture, Weimar was a cautionary tale, conferring a certain authority on those who had survived. Kissinger married philanthropist Nancy Maginnes in 1974. Like Kissinger, Morgenthau had become well known with a popular book about foreign policy, Politics Among Nations (1948). He eventually came to serve as head of the National Security Council (196975) and as secretary of state (September 1973January 20, 1977). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Grace (died young) WebUS Foreign Minister Henry Kissinger with his children Elizabeth (14) and David (12) on 24th March 1974 in Bonn. Such national emasculation gave rise to the intense German nationalism of Nazism, in which many Germans increasingly treated Germany's Jewish population as outsiders and scapegoats for their misfortunes. In 1972 Kissinger engaged in peace negotiations with Le Duc Tho of North Vietnam. In 1938, Kissingers family immigrated to the United States and settled in New York, and Kissingers name was changed to Henry. Barry Gewens new book, The Inevitability of Tragedy (Norton), belongs to the neither-revile-him-nor-revere-him school of Kissingerology. With Eric Schmidt and Daniel Huttenlocher, he published The Age of AI: And Our Human Future (2021). In mid-December Nixon authorized saturation bombing of North Vietnam, but by the end of the month he had halted it, and, with progress being made in the talks with North Vietnam in Paris, on January 15, 1973, Nixon ceased all military action against North Vietnam. Academy of Achievement - Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D. Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Henry Kissinger, Henry Kissinger - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon, and Alexander Haig. Corrections? Henry Kissinger How old is Henry Kissinger? In 1954 he joined the faculty as an instructor, becoming professor of government in 1962 and director of the Defense Studies Program from 1959 to 1969. Henry Kissinger had internationally recognized executive Nixons campaign then used this information in private talks with the South Vietnamese to dissuade them from taking part in the talks. American German Henry Kissinger/Nationality Kissinger was born as Heinz Alfred Kissinger in Germany. Nancy Kissingerm. He is a true inspiration for everyone. 98 years (May 27, 1923) Henry Kissinger/Age What is Henry Kissinger nationality? If the U.S. upset this delicate equilibrium, as he believed it was doing in Vietnam, other states, more realist in their assessment, would take advantage. Heinz Kissinger was born in 1923 in Frth, a city in Bavaria. The Trump Administrations recent assassination of the Iranian commander Qassem Suleimani, apparently intended to terrify the Iranians into ceasing Middle East operations, conforms to Kissingers obsession with credibility., Historians could learn a great deal about the years after World War II simply by studying the vicissitudes of Kissingers celebrity, Gewen hazards toward the end of his book. [2] She received a B.A. Instead, Kissinger proposed a "flexible" response model, arguing that a limited war fought with conventional forces and tactical nuclear weapons was, in fact, winnable. Henry Kissingers Tactical-Nuclear Shadow, The Streets of New Orleans Under Quarantine. Not even the Christmas bombing of North Vietnam, in 1972, the largest of the war, could convince the North Vietnamese to renegotiate. Secretary of State. On August 20, 1938, Kissinger's family set sail for New York City by way of London. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Jane Seymour (Henry VIII's 3rd queen). If not much, here is what we know about Henry Kissinger to date. Harvard University1952Harvard College1950Lafayette CollegeThe City College of New York He has two children from his first wife, Ann Fleischer: Elizabeth, a physician, and David Alexander, a lawyer-turned-TV journalist. Kissinger at the Metropolitan Opera opening in September 2009, Commission on Critical Choices for Americans, "Kissinger and Nancy Maginnes, Rockefeller Aide, Are Wed Near Capital and Fly to Acapulco for Honeymoon", Kissinger: a biography, Walter Isaacson, Simon & Schuster, 1992, "Nancy Kissinger Hospitalized with Undisclosed Ailment", http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC, Interview on her visit with Bess W. Truman in 1975, in Independence, Missouri, with her husband, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Kissinger&oldid=1112636123, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed him to chair the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, and from 1984-90, under Presidents Reagan and George H.W. WebHas two children, Elizabeth and David. Gregory ended up marrying Elizabeth Seymour, a younger sister of He remained in office after Nixons resignation in 1974, directing the conduct of foreign affairs under President Ford. Kissinger received the Nobel Peace Prize for his reform regarding the withdrawal of troops from Vietnam, and the John Heinz Award is owing to his public service in 1973. WebHenry Kissinger has a German Jewish background. David is married to Alexandra Rockwell, and they have four children. In 1974 he married Nancy Maginnes. The couple divorced in 1964. Sensing the impending tragedy of the Holocaust, his family decided to flee Germany for the United States in 1938, when Kissinger was 15 years old. Although he has criticized the interventionism of neoconservatives, there is scarcely a U.S. military adventure, from Panama to Iraq, that has not met with his approval. And we believe that under conditions of peace we can contribute throughout Indochina to a realization of the humane aspirations of all the people of Indochina. in history in 1955 from Mount Holyoke College. The writer Christopher Hitchens, for example, has castigated Kissinger for bombing Cambodia, endorsing the Indonesian occupation of East Timor and orchestrating the overthrow of Chilean President Salvador Allende. WebHenry Kissinger, in full Henry Alfred Kissinger, (born May 27, 1923, Frth, Germany), American political scientist, who, as adviser for national security affairs and as secretary of state, was a major influence in the shaping of U.S. foreign policy from 1969 to 1976 under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He developed a policy of warmer U.S. relations with the Soviet Union, dtente, which led to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) in 1969. But his studies were interrupted in early 1943, as he had to be drafted into the army. Following this, he got married to Nancy Maginnes in the year 1974, and the couple has been living happily together. Kissinger stepped down as secretary of state at the conclusion of the Gerald Ford administration in 1977, but he continued to play a major role in American foreign policy. Henry Kissinger, in full Henry Alfred Kissinger, (born May 27, 1923, Frth, Germany), American political scientist, who, as adviser for national security affairs and as secretary of state, was a major influence in the shaping of U.S. foreign policy from 1969 to 1976 under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Kissinger studied history and political science and was appointed to a chair at Harvard. Their financial condition was terrible in the U.S. As a result, Henry used to attend nigh school and worked in a shaving brush factory to support the family. Well, how well do you know about Henry Kissinger? WebUS Foreign Minister Henry Kissinger with his children Elizabeth (14) and David (12) on 24th March 1974 in Bonn. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Henry Kissinger How old is Henry Kissinger? In 1973 he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace with Le Duc Tho of North Vietnam for their efforts to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the Vietnam War. Our Kavod (honor) ultimately will be better served if Henry Kissinger will succeed in severing whatever frail and residual bonds still tie him to the House of Jacob and the Children of Israel. Ten years after his divorce from Ann, he married Nancy Maginnes. He was a brilliant student, and hence after retiring from the army, he got into Harvard University, where he pursued a degree in political science. William Stephen Belichick He warned Kissinger not to emulate cleverling intellectuals and their bloodless cost-benefit analyses. Kissinger was born in Manhattan and raised in White Plains, New York. 16April 1952 celebrities. Just over a week later, on January 23 in Paris, Kissinger initialed a cease-fire agreement that provided for the withdrawal of U.S. troops and outlined the machinery for a permanent peace settlement between the two Vietnams. He has two children with his former wife, Ann Fleischer, whom he divorced in 1964. As early as 1965, on his first visit to Vietnam, Kissinger had concluded that the war there was a lost cause, and Nixon believed the same. After finishing his studies, Kissinger remained at Harvard as a member of the faculty in the Department of Government. The couple married on March 30, 1974, in Arlington, Virginia.[1]. Other topics like the Jordan crisis of 1970, the India-Pakistan war of 1971, his secret trip to China, etc. In all his meditations on world order, he has not thought about how contingent and unforeseen Americas rise as global superpower actually was. The couple divorced in 1964. Following this, he got married to Nancy Maginnes in the year 1974, and the couple has been living happily together. Kissinger cultivated the Weimar intellectuals, but he was not impressed by their prospects for influence. He opens the book with a long chapter on U.S. involvement in Chile, which culminated in a coup, in 1973. Henry Kissinger attended high school at the New Yorks George Washington High School, where he excelled in studies, after which he pursued a degree in accountancy from City College of New York. Control sheep minds and you control the herd. But, as Grandin writes, he had built his own perpetual motion machine; the purpose of American power was to create an awareness of American purpose.. "Nancy Maginnes Kissinger." In her book On Revolution, Arendt worried that post-colonial nations, rather than choosing to copy American political institutions, were following the Communist script of economic liberation through revolution. Profitez de millions dimages, de vidos et morceaux de musique de qualit. When Nixon and Kissinger backed the Pakistani President Yahya Khans genocidal campaign against East Pakistan, in 1971, they did so to show the Soviets that America was tough. Four years later, Kissingers sign-off on the Indonesian President Suhartos genocidal campaign in East Timor was meant to signal that America would unquestioningly reward those who had decimated Communists within their reach. Henry Kissinger is a famous and very successful politician who used to serve as the Secretary of State for U. S. He is also a very talented author and scientist. Nixons Secretary of State was a far less remarkable figure than his supporters, his criticsand he himselfbelieved. 19491964 The fact that Allende was popularly elected made him only more dangerous in their eyes. For men become myths, not by what they know, nor even by what they achieve, but by the tasks they set themselves. He has two children with his former wife, Ann Fleischer, whom he divorced in 1964. Over the course of the war, Kissinger abandoned his plan to become an accountant and instead decided that he wanted to become an academic with a focus on political history. Kissinger and his second wife Nancy Maginnes have been married since 1974; he has two children with his first wife and five grandchildren. The campaign killed an estimated hundred thousand civilians, hastened the rise of Pol Pot, and irrevocably ravaged large tracts of countryside. The couple, however, called it quits in the year 1964. Nevertheless, Kissinger's handling of the Vietnam War was highly controversial. In March, 1969, he and Kissinger began a secret bombing campaign in Cambodia, which was a staging ground for the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese. Typically, he is categorized with lesser defense intellectuals, such as Hans Speier and Albert Wohlstetter. In 1983, he was appointed as the Chairman of the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America. At the same time, Kissinger enrolled at New York's George Washington High School, where he learned English with remarkable speed and excelled in all of his classes. Despite having absolute authority and powers of arrest, Kissinger took care to avoid abuses against the local population. Henry Kissinger is a renowned and successful politician, author, scientist, and former Secretary of State for the U. S. He has written several famous books and has also been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. It is instructive to measure Kissingers instincts against those of a true realist, such as the University of Chicago political scientist John Mearsheimer. It was mainly because of his concern about the increasing influence of the Soviet Union in South Asia. Kissinger married philanthropist Nancy Maginnes in 1974. Ferguson and Grandin both seize on one sentence in Kissingers undergraduate thesis, titled The Meaning of History: The realm of freedom and necessity can not be reconciled except by an inward experience. Such a deeply subjective world view might seem surprising in Kissinger, but French existentialism had arrived at Harvard, and the thesis cited Jean-Paul Sartre. As Kissinger himself put it, "Only rarely in history do statesmen find an environment in which all factors are so malleable; before us, I thought, was the chance to shape events, to build a new world, harnessing the energy and dreams of the American people and mankind's hopes.". These men moved fluidly between lecture halls and RAND Corporation laboratories, where they complained about student protesters and gave alarming slide-show presentations about nuclear apocalypse. Bill Belichick Net Worth 2023, Age, Height, Weight, Biography, Wiki and Peter Najarian Net Worth 2023, Age, Height, Weight, Biography, Wiki and Mariah Carey Net Worth 2023, Age, Height, Weight, Biography, Wiki and City College of New York, Harvard University, Nancy Kissinger (m. 1974), Ann Fleischer (m. 19491964), Politician, Former U. S. Secretary of State, Author, Scientist. Kissinger was given the US Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official in 1973. Additionally, he has authored several books and countless articles on American foreign policy and diplomatic history. Given Gewens insistence on Kissingers realism, it is odd that he does not dwell more on the most pragmatic episodes in his careerthe pursuit of dtente with the Soviet Union, the opening of relations with China, and the development of shuttle diplomacy to contain the 1973 Arab-Israeli warwhich are still widely celebrated as major diplomatic achievements. With his intellectual prowess and tough, skillful negotiating style, Kissinger ended the Vietnam War and greatly improved American relations with its two primary Cold War enemies, China and the Soviet Union. Morgenthau, though also fixated on the reputation of a states power, believed that that reputation could not diverge too much from a states ability to exercise its power. What is error code E01-5 on Toyota forklift. Gewen prefers to put Kissinger among the more high-minded Weimar migrs, although the family resemblances he finds are hard to pin down. Following this, he went on to write a book on Nuclear Science and weapons and how the foreign policy of America should be, which led t9 his popularity and he was appointed as a consultant to Kennedy and Johnson, and he had a significant influence in shaping Americas foreign policy. He found a second mentor, William Yandell Elliott, a well-connected history professor from the Wasp lite, who advised a series of U.S. Presidents on international affairs. Next year, he was reassigned to teach at the European Command Intelligence School at Camp King. He was later critiqued for some of his covert actions at home and abroad. Kissinger was very important to the American foreign affairs, among others as national security adviser and foreign minister. He appalled the migrs by running an article in Confluence by Ernst von Salomon, a far-rightist who had hired a getaway driver for the men who assassinated the Weimar Republics foreign minister. How many children did Henry Kissinger have? Unlike Morgenthau and Kennan, who saw the non-industrial world as a backwater not worth Americas attention, Kissinger considered Third World socialism a serious foe, capable of disturbing the U.S.s delicate face-off with the Soviet Union. "He withdrew," his mother remembered. Bill Belichick However, to this day, his handling of the Vietnam War still remains a highly controversial subject. This American diplomat was the first person to be put on the governments 9/11 Commission following the September 2001 attacks. Kissinger was taking a swipe at the bright-eyed social scientists around him, who thought that the deadly confrontation of the Cold War could be solved with empirical and behavioral models, rather than with existential swagger. In 1943, Kissinger became a naturalized American citizen and, soon after, he was drafted into the army to fight in World War II. Seeking to achieve "peace with honor," Kissinger combined diplomatic initiatives and troop withdrawals with devastating bombing campaigns on North Vietnam, designed to improve the American bargaining position and maintain the country's credibility with its international allies and enemies. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Kissinger intended his thesis to be provocative, and could not have known that Eisenhowers Joint Chiefs of Staff had been telling the President much the same thing for years. Personal Life: Dating, Girlfriends, Wife, Kids, Net Worth, Salary & Earnings of Henry Kissingerin 2023, Angelica Hale Net Worth 2023, Age, Height, Weight, Biography, Wiki and Career Details, Malcolm Nance Net Worth 2023, Age, Height, Weight, Biography, Wiki and Career Details, Chrissy Metz Net Worth 2023, Age, Height, Weight, Biography, Wiki and Career Details. Nancy Sharon Kissinger (ne Maginnes; born April 13, 1934) is an American philanthropist and socialite, and the wife of former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Ten years after his divorce from Ann, he married Nancy Maginnes. By the late fifties, Kissinger did not need to choose whether to be an academic, a public intellectual, a bureaucrat, or a politician. In 2012, he received Israels President Medal. It would be comforting to believe that American liberals are capable of seeing that politics is more than a matter of personal style, and that the record will prevail, but the enduring cult of Kissinger points to a less palatable possibility: Kissinger is us. Copy. He served first as a rifleman in France and then as a G-2 intelligence officer in Germany. The family moved to the USA after Hitler came to power. After the Nazis seized power, state sanctioned anti-Semitism made life for the Kissinger family, which was Jewish, very difficult. Who is Jason crabb mother and where is she? 1938-The Kissinger family immigrates to the United States, settling in New York. In 1977, he received the Presidential Award of Freedom by President Gerald Ford.

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